Augustine.The.Doctrine.of.Apostles.Prophets.html

Keith Stanglin Augustine Austin Graduate School of Theology
Stanglin and others Debunk true Christianity. He insists that LETTER was what was written as TEXT.  However, he submits himself as fitted and educated to interpret the TRUE meaning that God was apparently not able to deliver. NONE of the Historical Scholars fail to OUTLAW the modern "Theological" view of Church or Worship.  Almost by definition, it is impossible to be a Christian, Disciple or Student of Scripture, without seeing a close connection between the Prophets and New Testament doctrine.

While Keith Stanglin and others lift statements about figures of speech; and then uses that to justify HIS using "theology" to CO-create with God, ALL of his resources REPUDIATE the addition of things like "singing".

1Pet. 1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ,
        to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia,
1Pet. 1:10 Of which salvation the PROPHETS have enquired and searched diligently,
        who prophesied of the grace that should come unto you:
1Pet. 1:11 Searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ  [God's "breath" to the Prophets]
        which was in them did signify,
        when IT testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should follow.
ke 24:25 Then he said unto them, O fools,
        and slow of heart to believe all that the PROPHETS have spoken:
Luke 24:26 Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory?
Luke 24:27 And beginning at Moses and all the prophets,
        he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things CONCERNING HIMSELF
Luke 24:44 And he said unto them,
        THESE are the WORDS which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you,
                that all things must be fulfilled,
                which were written in the law of Moses,
                and in the prophets, and in the psalms
,
                CONCERNING ME.
John 6:62 What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before?
John 6:63 It is the SPIRIT that quickeneth;
        the flesh profiteth nothing:
        the
WORDS that I speak unto you,
        they are
SPIRIT, and they are LIFE
Luke 24:45 Then opened he their understanding,
        THAT they might understand THE SCRIPTURES

Luke 24:46 And said unto them,
      
  Thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer,
        and to rise from the dead the third day:
1Pet. 1:12 Unto whom it was REVEALED, that not unto themselves,
        but unto us they did minister the things,
        which are now REPORTED unto you by them
        that have PREACHED the gospel unto you
        WITH the Holy SPIRIT sent down from heaven;
        which things the angels desire to look into.
Rev. 19:10 And I fell at his feet to worship him.
        And he said unto me, See thou do it not: I am thy fellowservant,
        and of thy brethren that have the TESTIMONY of Jesus: worship God:
        for the
TESTIMONY of Jesus IS the SPIRIT of PROPHECY

SPIRIT words never speak of a god or man
Rev. 12:11 And they overcame him by the BLOOD of the Lamb,
        and by the WORD of their TESTIMONY; and they loved not their lives unto the death.
Rev. 12:17 And the dragon was wroth with the woman,
        and went to with the REMNANT of her SEED,  
        which keep the COMMANDMENTS of God,
        and have the TESTIMONY of Jesus Christ.

SEED kept over for planting tiny, destitute flock

COFFMAN The rest of her seed ... This suggests Galatians 3:16,29, where Paul spoke of all Christians as "the seed of Abraham." Thus the woman is both the old Israel and the new Israel, but in both cases, only the true Israel. "The rest means the whole body of Christians, not merely those who are contrasted with the church in Jerusalem."[90] "The church is every believer's mother. She precedes us and brings us forth as her seed."[91] The signal to Christians in this is that satanic hatred, persecution and violence are to be expected throughout the whole life of the church on earth.
Jesus taught the Apostles who wrote to "leave us a memory."  The WORD or Logos is God's and Jesus' continuing teaching.

John 6:62 What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was before?
John 6:63 It is the
SPIRIT that quickeneth;
        the flesh profiteth nothing:
        the WORDS that I SPEAK unto you,
        they are
SPIRIT, and they are LIFE.
First, the revelation of Prophecy which Jesus of Nazareth "made more perfect" must be the RESOURCE for teaching the Gospel.
Eph. 2:20 And are built [Educated] upon the foundation
        of the APOSTLES and PROPHETS, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone
Eph. 2:21 In whom all the building fitly framed together
        groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord:
Eph. 2:22 In whom ye also are builded together
        for an habitation of God through the Spirit.

Second, SPIRIT produces WORDS which breath out the Mind or Mental Disposition of God.
Is 48:16  Come ye near unto me, hear ye this;
        I have not SPOKEN in secret from the beginning;
        from the time that it was, there am I:
        and now the Lord GOD, and HIS SPIRIT, hath sent me.
Is. 61:1  The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me;
        because the LORD hath ANOINTED me to preach good tidings unto the meek;
        he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives,
        and the opening of the prison to them that are bound;
Zech. 7:12 Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone,
        LEST they should hear the law,
        and the WORDS which the LORD of hosts hath
        SENT in his SPIRIT by the former prophets:
        therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts
2 Pet. 1:12 Wherefore I will not be negligent
        to put you always in remembrance of these things,
        though ye know them, and be ESTABLISHED in the PRESENT truth.
2Pet. 1:15 Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease
        to have these things always in remembrance.


Augustine.Sermon.Mount.TOC
Augustine.Doctrine.Apostles.Prophets

Chapter XXXII.—A Statement in Vindication of the Doctrine of the Apostles as Opposed to Idolatry, in the Words of the Prophecies.

49. What, then, do these men, who are at once the
        perverse applauders of Christ
        and the slanderers of Christians, say to these facts?
Can it be that Christ, by the use of magical arts,
        caused those predictions to be uttered so long ago by the prophets?
        or have His disciples invented them?

Is it thus that the Church, in her extension among the Gentile nations,
        though once barren, has been made to rejoice now in the possession
        of more children than that synagogue had which,
        in its Law or its King, had received, as it were, a husband?
or is it thus that this Church has been led to enlarge the place of her tent,
        and to occupy all nations and tongues,
        so that now she lengthens her cords beyond the limits
        to which the rights of the empire of Rome extend,
        yea, even on to the territories of the Persians and the Indians and other barbarous nations?
or that, on the right hand by means of true Christians,
        and on the left hand by means of pretended Christians,
        His name is being made known among such a multitude of peoples?
or that His seed is made to inherit the Gentiles,
        so as now to inhabit cities which had been left desolate
        of the true worship of God and the true religion?
or that His Church has been so little daunted by the threats and furies of men,
        even at times when she has been covered with the blood of martyrs, like one clad in purple array,
        that she has prevailed over persecutors at once so numerous, so violent, and so powerful?
or that she has not been confounded, like one put to shame,
        when it was a great crime to be or to become a Christian? or that she is made to forget her confusion for ever,
        because, where sin had abounded, grace did much more abound?646

Heb. 5:12 For when for the time ye ought to be teachers,
        ye have need that one teach you again
        which be the first principles of the ORACLES of God;
        and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat.

1Pet. 4:11 If any man SPEAK, let him speak as the ORACLES of God; [Direct Command]
        if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth:
        that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ,
        to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.

 or that she is taught not to remember the shame of her widowhood,
        because only for a little was she forsaken and subjected to opprobrium,
        while now she shines forth once more with such eminent glory?
 or, in fine, is it only a fiction concocted by Christ’s disciples,
        that the Lord who made her, and brought her forth
        from the denomination of the devil and the demons,
        the very God of Israel is now called the God of the whole earth;
                all which, nevertheless, the PROPHETS, whose books are now in the hands of the enemies of Christ,
                foretold so long before Christ BECAME the Son of man?

50. From this, therefore, let them understand
        that the matter is not left obscure or doubtful even to the slowest and dullest minds:
from this, I say, let these perverse applauders of Christ and execrators of the Christian religion
        understand that the disciples of Christ have learned and taught,
        in opposition to their gods, precisely what the doctrine of Christ contains.

For the God of Israel is found to have enjoined in the books of the PROPHETS
        that all these objects which those men are minded to worship
                should be held in abomination and be destroyed,
                WHILE He Himself is now named the God of the whole earth,
                through the instrumentality of Christ and the Church of Christ,
                exactly
as He promised so long time ago.

For if, indeed, in their marvellous folly, they fancy that Christ worshipped their gods,
         and that it was only through them that He had power to do things so great as these,
         we may well ask whether the God of Israel also worshipped their gods,
                who has now fulfilled by Christ what He promised
                with respect to the extension of His own worship through all the nations,
                and with respect to the detestation and subversion of those other deities?
?647

Where are their gods? Where are the vaticinations [Prophecies] of their fanatics,
        and the divinations of their prophets?  [
Pythonum] Where are the auguries, or the auspices,
        or the soothsayings, [
Aruspicia] [Miriam and the Levites]

2.Timothy.4.2.Giving.Heed.Jewish.Fables.html
Deut. 18:10 There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch,

Sophistês , ou, ho, master of one's craft, adept, expert, of diviners, Hdt.2.49; of poets, meletan sophistais prosbalon Pi.I.5(4).28 , cf. Cratin.2; of musicians, sophistês . . parapaiôn chelun A.Fr.314 , cf. Eup.447, Pl.Com. 140; sophistêi Thrêiki (sc. Thamyris) E.Rh.924, cf. Ath.14.632c: with mod

hărĭŏlus  soothsayer, prophet, prophetess  eloquar
          
Conjector I.he who interprets, explains, or divines something, an interpreter.
          “conjectore Oedipo orationi opus estIn partic., a diviner, interpreter of dreams, a seer, soothsayer:
?somnĭo , to dream; to dream of or see in a dream, to dream, i. e. to think idly or vainly, to talk foolishly: A. For any thing idle, silly, or without foundation (cf. somnio,  “fabulae!
fabulae! a fictitious narrative , a dramatic poem, drama, play (syn.: “ludus, cantus, actio, etc.): in full, fabula scaenica,Amm. 28, 1, 4; “or, theatralis,

2Timothy 4:4 And they shall turn away their ears from the truth,
        and shall be turned unto fables.

FABLES TO FOOL: Fābŭla , ae, f. fari,
B.  Of particular kinds of poetry.
1.  Most freq., a dramatic poem, drama, play (syn.: “ludus, cantus, actio, etc.): in full, fabula scaenica,” or, theatralis,id. 14, 6, 20: “fabula ad actum scenarum composita, ”fabulam, quae versatur in tragoediis atque carminibus non a veritate modo [melod]

FABLES TO FOOL:
  Cantus , ūs, m. id., I. the production of melodious sound, a musical utterance or expression, either with voice or instrument; hence, song, singing, playing,
1. With the voice, a singing, song; in full, cantus vocum, Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 134: “fit etiam saepe vocum gravitate et cantibus ut pellantur animi, etc.,
2. With instruments, a playing, music: “citharae,horribili stridebat tibia cantu,Cat. 64, 264: “querulae tibiae,  “lyrae, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 72: “tibicine
FABLES TO FOOL:   Scaenĭcus (scen- ), a, um, adj., = skēnikos, I. of or belonging to the stage, scenic, dramatic, theatrical (class.) stage-plays, theatrical representations, “fabula,a drama, Amm. 28, 1, 4: organa,Suet. Ner. 44: “coronae,id. ib. 53: “habitus,id. ib. 38:
1. scaē-nĭcus , i, m., a player, actor, Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114: “orator plurimum aberit a scaenico  2. scaenĭca , ae, f., a female player, an actress,

gestus,Cic. de Or. 3, 59, 220: “modulatio,Quint. 11, 3, 57:
Gestures of an ōrātōrĭus , a, um, adj. orator. . Of or belonging to an orator, oratorical  II. Of or belonging to praying; hence, subst.: ōrātōrĭum , ii. n. (sc. templum), a place of prayer, an oratory 
THE MOST POWERFUL WEAPON TO FOOL:
Orgănum , i, n., = organon, Of musical instruments, a pipe, Quint. 11, 3, 20; 9, 4, 10; Juv. 6, 3, 80; Vulg. Gen. 4, 21; id. 2 Par. 34, 12 et saep. an organ, water-organ: “organa hydraulica,Suet. Ner. 41: aquatica, Mythogr. Lat. 3, 12.—Of a church-organ, Cass. Expos. in Psa. 150; Aug. Enarr. in Psa. 150, n. 7.—  B. Transf.: organum oris, the tongue of a man, Prud. steph
Lucr. 3.1048
For whom already life's as good as dead,
Whilst yet thou livest and lookest?- who in sleep
Wastest thy life- time's major part, and snorest
Even when awake, and ceasest not to see
The stuff of dreams, and bearest a mind beset
By baseless terror, nor discoverest oft
What's wrong with thee, when, like a sotted wretch,
Thou'rt jostled along by many crowding cares,
And wanderest reeling round, with mind aswim."
Psaltrĭa , ae, f., = psaltria, . a female player on the cithara, a lutist,ineptias,Col. 1, 8, 2: “ah stulte! tu de Psaltriā me somnias Agere,Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 6; Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 5.—Absol.: “vigilans somniat
portenta non disserentium philosophorum sed somniantium,Cic. N. D. 1, 8, 18.

Deut. 18:11 Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer
A Charmer is an Abomination
incantātor
, ōris, m. incanto, I. an enchanter, wizard (post-class.), Tert. Idol. 9; Isid. 8, 9, 15; Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 15, 1, 2.

consŭlo (a). In the lang. of religion, to consult a deity, an oracle, omens, etc.: “Apollinem de re,Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40: “deum consuluit auguriis, quae suscipienda essent,Liv. 1, 20, 7: “deos hominum fibris,Tac. A. 14, 30 fin.: “Phoebi oracula,Ov. M. 3, 9; Suet. Vesp. 5: “Tiresiam conjectorem,Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 76:

Cantus A. Prophetic or oracular song: “veridicos Parcae coeperunt edere cantus,Cat. 63 cf. Tib.
B. An incantation, charm, magic song, etc.: cantusque artesque magorum.
cantus e curru Lunam deducere tentat,
2. With instruments, a playing, music:in nervorum vocumque cantibus,Cic. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; id. Rosc. Am. 46, 134: “citharae,Hor. C. 3, 1, 20: “horribili stridebat tibia cantu,Cat. 64, 264: “querulae tibiae,
Is. 66:4 I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears upon them;
        because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they did not hear:
        but they did evil before mine eyes, and chose that in which I delighted not.

or the oracles of demons?

Heb. 5:12 For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat.
1Pet. 4:11 If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.

Why is it that, out of the ancient books which constitute the records of this type of religion,
        nothing in the form either of admonition or of prediction
        is advanced to oppose the Christian faith,
        or to controvert the truth of those PROPHETS of ours,
        who have now come to be so well understood among all nations?

We have offended our gods,” they say in reply,
        “and they have deserted us for that reason:
         that explains it also why the Christians have prevailed against us,
        and why the bliss of human life, exhausted and impaired, goes to wreck among us.”

We challenge them, however, to take the books of their own seers,
        and read out to us any statement purporting that the kind of issue
        which has come upon them would be brought on them by the Christians:
nay, we challenge them to recite any passages in which,
        if not Christ (for they wish to make Him out to have been a worshipper of their own gods), at least this God of Israel,
        who is allowed to be the subverter of other deities,
        is held up as a deity destined to be rejected and worthy of detestation.
        But never will they produce any such passage, unless, perchance, it be some fabrication of their own.
And if ever they do cite any such statement,
        the fact that it is but a fiction of their own will betray itself
        in the unnoticeable manner in which a matter of so grave importance is found adduced;
        whereas, in good truth, before what has been predicted should have come to pass,
        it behoved to have been proclaimed in the temples of the gods of all nations,
        with a view to the timeous preparation and warning of all who are now minded [Refuse] to be Christians.


In this extract from his Confessions S. Augustine discusses music and religion.

[XXXIII.]  49.  The delights of the ear, had more firmly entangled and subdued me; but Thou did loosen, and free me.  Now, in those melodies which Thy words breathe soul into, when sung with a sweet and attuned voice, I do a little repose; yet not so as to be held thereby, but that I can disengage myself when I will. 

Augustine and others speak ONLY of the Biblical Text being "sung" although not "tuneful" in the modern sense.

But with the words which are their life and whereby they find admission into me,
        themselves seek in my affections a place of some estimation,
         and I can scarcely assign them one suitable. 
For at one time I seem to myself  to give them more honour than is seemly,
        feeling our minds to be more holily and fervently raised unto a flame of devotion,
        by the holy words themselves when thus sung, than when not;
and that the several affections of our spirit, by a sweet variety,
        have their own proper measures in the voice and singing,
        by some hidden correspondence wherewith they are stirred up. 

But this contentment of the flesh, to which the soul must not be given over to be enervated,
        doth oft beguile me, the sense not so waiting upon reason,
        as patiently to follow her; but having been admitted merely for her sake,
        it strives even to run before her, and lead her. 
        Thus in these things I unawares sin, but afterwards am aware of it.

50.  At other times, shunning over-anxiously this very deception,
        I err in too great strictness; and sometimes to that degree,
        as to wish the whole melody of sweet music
                which is used to David’s Psalter, banished from my ears,
                and the Church’s too; and
that mode seems to me safer,
                        which I remember to have been often told me of Athanasius Bishop of Alexandria,
                        who made the reader of the psalm utter it with so slight inflection of voice
                        that it was nearer speaking than singing

AUGUSTINE "musical instruments were not used. The pipe, tabret, and harp here associate so intimately with the sensual heathen cults, as well as with the wild revelries and shameless performances of the degenerate theater and circus, it is easy to understand the prejudices against their use in the worship." (Augustine 354 A.D., describing the singing at Alexandria under Athanasius)

Music.
  Cantillation signs guide the reader in applying a chant to Biblical readings. This chant is technically regarded as a ritualized form of speech intonation rather than as a musical exercise like the singing of metrical hymns: for this reason Jews always speak of saying or reading a passage rather than of singing it. (In Yiddish the word is leynen 'read', derived from Latin legere, giving rise to the Jewish English verb "to leyn".)


The Philipedium: In most western European languages, the word for “read” starts with the letter “L”. These languages can be divided into two main groups — those of Latin origin and those of Germanic origin. In each of the Latin languages (Italian, Spanish, French, etc.), the modern word is derived from legere, the Latin word for “read”. The Italian word is still leggere, essentially unchanged from the Latin. In the other Romance languages, the “g” sound was lost, and so we have leer in Spanish, ler in Portuguese, and lire in French.

Yet again, when I remember the tears I shed at the Psalmody of  Thy Church,
        in the beginning of my recovered faith; and how at this time,
        I am moved, not with the singing, but with the things sung,
        when they are sung with a clear voice and modulation most suitable,
I acknowledge the great use of this institution. 
        Thus I fluctuate between peril of pleasure and approved wholesomeness;
        inclined the rather (though not as pronouncing an irrevocable opinion)
        to approve of the usage of singing in the church;
        that so by the delight of the ears,
                the weaker minds may rise to the feeling of devotion
                Yet when it befalls me to be more moved with the voice than the words sung,
                I confess to have sinned penally, and then had rather not hear music.
See now my state; weep with me, and weep for me, ye, who so regulate your feelings within, as that good action ensues.  For you who do not act, these things touch not you.  But, Thou, O Lord my God, hearken; behold, and see, and have mercy, and heal me, Thou, in whose presence I have become a problem to myself; and that is my infirmity.

Saint Augustine, Confessions of  S. Augustine, J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1907, trans. E.B. Pusey, pp. 234-236.

Translation first published in 1838.

Augustine: Morals of the Manichaens

46. As for motion, and tossing, and rubbing (melody), if these give the divine nature the opportunity of escaping from these substances, many things of the same kind are against you, which are improved by motion. In some grains the juice resembles wine, and is excellent when moved about.

"Indeed, as must not be overlooked, this kind of drink produces intoxication rapidly; and yet you never called the juice of grain the poison of the princes of darkness. There is a preparation of water, thickened with a little meal, which is the better of being shaken, and, strange to say, is lighter in color when the light is gone. The pastry cook stirs honey for a long time to give it this light color, and to make its sweetness milder and less unwholesome: you must explain how this can come from the loss of good.

Again, if you prefer to test the presence of God by the agreeable effects on the hearing, and not sight, or smell, or taste, harps get their strings and pipes their bones from animals; and these become musical by being dried, and rubbed, and twisted.

So the pleasures of music, which you hold to have come from the divine kingdom, are obtained from the refuse of dead animals, and that, too, when they are dried by time, and lessened by rubbing, and stretched by twisting. Such rough treatment, according to you, drives the divine substance from living objects; even cooking them, you say, does this. Why then are boiled thistles not unwholesome? Is it because God, or part of God, leaves them when they are cooked?

The books of HISTORY define the Hebrew nation especially after God abandoned them to worship the starry host (Acts 7).  Jesus defined HOLY SCRIPTURE as the writing of the Prophets: that included the Writing Prophets and other prophecies made about Him in the Law and Prophets. Jesus does not use the Scribe's records of kings whom God gave in his anger.  However, AMONG THE SCHOLARS there is a hysterical effort to drive people back to the Jacob-cursed and God-Abandoned Levites slaughtering animals and the HOLOCAUST of animals and INFANTS.

You will never find anyone on the preacher level who does not say that God COMMANDED INSTRUMENTAL WORSHIP under the Law. Well, The Law of Moses did NOT do so.  They think that everything from Genesis to Malachi is the OLD TESTAMENT.

Eph. 2:19 Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners,
        but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God;
Eph. 2:20 And are built upon [EDUCATED-ONLY] the foundation of the apostles and prophets,
        Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone

Augustine:  Where are their gods? Where are the vaticinations [Prophesiers] of their fanatics, and the divinations of their prophets?</font>

Deuteronomy 18 The Abominations<b>

http://www.pineycom.com/Deuteronomy.18.Abomination.Of.Those.Nations.html

Deut. 18:9 When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the ABOMINATIONS of those nations.
Deut. 18:10 There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fir
e,
or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch,

hărĭŏlus  soothsayer, prophet, prophetess
somnĭo , to dream; to dream of or see in a dream, to dream, i. e. to think idly or vainly, to talk foolishly:
psaltrĭa , ae, f., = psaltria, . a female player on the cithara, a lutist,ineptias,Col. 1, 8, 2: “ah stulte! tu de Psaltriā me somnias Agere,Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 6; Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 5.—Absol.: “vigilans somniat
portenta non disserentium philosophorum sed somniantium,Cic. N. D. 1, 8, 18.

Deut. 18:11 Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer
A Charmer is an Abomination

Cantus A. Prophetic or oracular song  incantātor , ōris, m. incanto, I. an enchanter, wizard (post-class.), 2. With instruments, a playing, music: citharae, [guitar]
This was outlawed for the Church of Christ (the Rock) in the wilderness
These ăb-ōmĭnor are always MARKED “semimares,Liv. 31, 12, 8

  Signs or wonders "  Liv. 31, 12, 8 Along with "plundering" the temples, among the Sabines, a child of uncertain sex was born, while another was found whose sex, at the age of sixteen, could not be determined. All these disgusting and monstrous creatures seemed to be signs that nature was confusing species; but beyond all else the hermaphrodites caused terror,... In addition, they directed that a hymn be sung throughout the city by thrice nine maidens, and that an offering be made to Queen Juno.